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A '''userland''' is the system utilities that are not a part of the | A '''userland''' is the system utilities that are not a part of the kernel, but provide a base system. The term userland (or user space) refers to all code that runs outside the operating system's kernel. Userland usually refers to the various programs and libraries that the operating system uses to interact with the kernel: software that performs input/output, manipulates file system objects, application software etc. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Various layers within */Linux, also showing separation between the [[userland]] and [[wikipedia:kernel space|kernel space]] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 style="width: 10%" | User mode | |||
| colspan=1 style="width: 10%" | '''User applications''' | |||
| colspan=5 style="width: 80%" | For example, [[bash]], [[LibreOffice]], [[wikipedia:Apache OpenOffice|OpenOffice]], [[wikipedia:Blender (software)|Blender]], [[wikipedia:0 A.D. (video game)|0 A.D.]], [[Firefox|Mozilla Firefox]], etc. | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 20%; background-color: #ffffff" | Low-level system components: | |||
| colspan=1 style="width: 18%; background-color: #9db5f9"| '''System [[wikipedia:Daemon (computing)|daemons]]''':<br>''[[systemd]], [[wikipedia:runit|runit]], logind, networkd, [[PulseAudio|soundd]], ...'' | |||
| colspan=1 style="width: 18%; background-color: #9db5f9"| '''Windowing system''':<br>''[[Xorg|X11]], [[Wayland]], [[wikipedia:Mir (software)|Mir]], [[wikipedia:SurfaceFlinger|SurfaceFlinger]] (Android)'' | |||
| colspan=2 style="width: 36%; background-color: #ffac75" | '''Other libraries:'''<br>''[[GTK+]], [[Qt]], [[wikipedia:Enlightenment Foundation Libraries|EFL]], [[wikipedia:Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL]], [[wikipedia:Simple and Fast Multimedia Library|SFML]], [[wikipedia:FLTK|FLTK]], [[wikipedia:GNUstep|GNUstep]]'', etc. | |||
| colspan=1 style="width: 18%; background-color: #9db5f9"| '''Graphics''':<br>''[[wp:Mesa (computer graphics)|Mesa]]'', ''[[wikipedia:AMD Catalyst|AMD Catalyst]]'', ... | |||
|- style="background-color: #96d5aa" | |||
| colspan=1 style="width: 10%" | '''[[wikipedia:C standard library|C standard library]]''' | |||
| colspan=5 style="width: 80%" | {{ic|open()}}, {{ic|exec()}}, {{ic|sbrk()}}, {{ic|socket()}}, {{ic|fopen()}}, {{ic|calloc()}}, ... (up to 2000 [[wikipedia:subroutine|subroutine]]s)<br>''[[glibc]]'' aims to be [[POSIX]]/[[wikipedia:Single UNIX Specification|SUS]]-compatible, ''[[wikipedia:uClibc|uClibc]]'' targets embedded systems, ''[[wikipedia:Bionic (software)|bionic]]'' written for [[Android]], etc. | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 style="width: 10%" | Kernel mode | |||
| rowspan=3 style="width: 10%" | '''[[Linux (kernel) | Linux]]''' | |||
| colspan=5 style="width: 80%; background-color: #ffb7b7;" |{{ic|[[wikipedia:stat (system call)|stat]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:splice (system call)|splice]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:dup (system call)|dup]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:read (system call)|read]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:open (system call)|open]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:ioctl|ioctl]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:write (system call)|write]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:mmap|mmap]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:close (system call)|close]]}}, {{ic|[[wikipedia:exit (system call)|exit]]}}, etc. (about 380 system calls)<br>The Linux [[wikipedia:System call|System Call Interface]] (SCI, aims to be [[POSIX]]/[[wikipedia:Single UNIX Specification|SUS]]-compatible) | |||
|- style="background-color: #ffb7b7;" | |||
| style="width: 18%;" | [[wikipedia:Scheduling (computing)|Process scheduling]]<br>subsystem | |||
| style="width: 18%;" | IPC<br>subsystem | |||
| style="width: 18%;" | [[wikipedia:Memory management|Memory management]]<br>subsystem | |||
| style="width: 18%;" | Virtual files<br>subsystem | |||
| style="width: 18%;" | Network<br>subsystem | |||
|- style="background-color: #ffb7b7;" | |||
| colspan=5 style="width: 80%;" | Other components: [[ALSA]], [[wikipedia:Direct Rendering Infrastructure|DRI]], [[wikipedia:evdev|evdev]], [[wikipedia:Logical Volume Manager (Linux)|LVM]], [[wikipedia:device mapper|device mapper]], [[wikipedia:Linux Network Scheduler|Linux Network Scheduler]], [[wikipedia:Netfilter|Netfilter]]<br>[[wikipedia:Linux Security Modules|Linux Security Modules]]: ''[[wikipedia:Security-Enhanced Linux|SELinux]]'', ''[[wikipedia:TOMOYO Linux|TOMOYO]]'', ''[[wikipedia:AppArmor|AppArmor]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Smack (Linux security module)|Smack]]'' | |||
|- style="background-color: #ffd99c;" | |||
! colspan=7 style="width: 100%" | Hardware ([[Central processing unit|CPU]], [[RAM|main memory]], [[wikipedia:Computer data storage|data storage devices]], etc.) | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Software]] | [[Category:Software]] | ||
[[Category:Operating systems]] | [[Category:Operating systems]] | ||
Latest revision as of 06:01, 9 May 2022
This dongle is a A userland is the system utilities that are not a part of the kernel, but provide a base system. The term userland (or user space) refers to all code that runs outside the operating system's kernel. Userland usually refers to the various programs and libraries that the operating system uses to interact with the kernel: software that performs input/output, manipulates file system objects, application software etc.
| User mode | User applications | For example, bash, LibreOffice, OpenOffice, Blender, 0 A.D., Mozilla Firefox, etc. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-level system components: | System daemons: systemd, runit, logind, networkd, soundd, ... |
Windowing system: X11, Wayland, Mir, SurfaceFlinger (Android) |
Other libraries: GTK+, Qt, EFL, SDL, SFML, FLTK, GNUstep, etc. |
Graphics: Mesa, AMD Catalyst, ... | ||
| C standard library | open(), exec(), sbrk(), socket(), fopen(), calloc(), ... (up to 2000 subroutines)glibc aims to be POSIX/SUS-compatible, uClibc targets embedded systems, bionic written for Android, etc. | |||||
| Kernel mode | Linux | stat, splice, dup, read, open, ioctl, write, mmap, close, exit, etc. (about 380 system calls)The Linux System Call Interface (SCI, aims to be POSIX/SUS-compatible) | ||||
| Process scheduling subsystem |
IPC subsystem |
Memory management subsystem |
Virtual files subsystem |
Network subsystem | ||
| Other components: ALSA, DRI, evdev, LVM, device mapper, Linux Network Scheduler, Netfilter Linux Security Modules: SELinux, TOMOYO, AppArmor, Smack | ||||||
| Hardware (CPU, main memory, data storage devices, etc.) | ||||||