/ppg/ - Pen & Pencil General

4chan has for years had a Pen and Pencil General. This entry is a compilation of the insight and experiences from this general. Past discussions can be found on Desuarchive. This general goes back to 2013. Currently a part of /pgg/ - Past Tech General.

/ppg/ Recommended writing implements

The following wiki page has been compiled with the intention that the reader uses the recommended tools for writing. That is not to say that these can't be used differently (for arts/drawing purposes lets say) but rather that they've been catered specifically. Some overlap is inevitable and sometimes necessary but the reader should keep in mind that /ic/ has their own wiki and their own supply thread >>>/ic/supplies which would be a good compliment to this wiki and the /ppg/ threads.

Pens

Ink Refills

Small variety of different refill types

When talking about pens normally, one would often talk about both the pen body and the ink as a package. Indeed the following recommendations assume this as it's the easiest approach when advising, however it is often possible to buy inks separate from their normal pen bodies (called refills). For example one can use a Rotring 600 ballpoint body with a Fisher space pen refill, so functionally it would have all the benefits for a Fisher space pen (pressurized cartridge, write in space, etc) but in a different body. Pen refills come in a extensive variety of types and you must selecting one compatible with your pen if you plan on using refills.

Ballpoint

• Uni-ball Jetstream - A rather generic term, this refers to a variety of pens that are a part of the same line produced by Uni-ball. Almost any Jetstream pen will be good and use a quick-drying, hybrid ink.
• Fisher space pen - Typically refers to the Fisher AG7 or CH4. The former is the iconic space pen whilst the later is used on space flights. They also make very cheap pens that will do good enough if just want to use the Fisher PR4 pressurized refill.
• Lamy Pico - A small form factor ballpoint pen. Can be extended into a comfortable writing length when in use.
• Bic Crystal/Baux - Sucks real bad but it works and it's not bottom of the barrel like some Chinese pens are (but it's pretty close).

Gel

• Uni-ball 207 - A very popular and well established model. Archival quality, pigmented ink that is water and fade resistant.
• Pilot g2 - Typically babies first good pen experience due to being abundant in the average office. When compared directly it's not as smooth and has a worse writing experience than it's competitors, as such it's not too highly regarded by enthusiasts but nevertheless it's an excellent pen.
• Pilot Hi-Tec-C - Best needle-tipped pen. Smoothest and best performing if you need that extra fine sized writing tip.
• Zebra sarasa - This is Zebras answer to the Pilot G2 and Pentel Energel. Very smooth writing and quick drying times. In the series, "Dry" is considered the best.
• Sakura gelly roll -
• Pentel Energel - Arguably the best pen in this category for general writing. It's ultra smooth and quick dry ink slightly nudges out the others.

Rollerball

• Pilot Precise V5 - Best needle-tipped rollerball. Excellent for Journals or small notepad sized paper where space is at a premium.
• Uni-ball Vision Elite - Best rollerball that isn't a needlepoint. No real reason to buy anything other than this in this category since you'd be buying an inferior gel pen otherwise.

Fineliner

• Sakura pigma micron - Typically more of a drawing pen, they're rather good for writing provided that you don't write too heavy handedly. This is really the standard when it comes to fineliners. (ESDK Is the version sold in Japan domestically, Aside from appearance they are identical)
• Pilot Razor Point I/II - Much cheaper than the above with a cheaper build. Tip breaks down faster than the above. It's ink has more bleedthrough and not as good as the above option.
• Sharpie Pen (original) - It's a sharpie.

Pencils

Wooden Pencils

Pencils with attached erasers are marked [E]. [R] for pencils with replaceable erasers. Costs are per dozen.

Cheap

$0~10

• Palomino

• Golden Bear [E] - Made by Musgrave pencil company. Has their distinctive sharp edge but at less than $3 a dozen it's hard to complain and hard to beat.

A small selection of wooden pencils

Mid priced

$10~20

• Mitsu-bishi

• 9800 - 75% of the Hi-Uni for 50% of the price. If you like the Hi-Uni but they break the bank for you these are a workable alternative. "EW" is the natural finish version
• 9850 [E] - Despite what others may tell you, these aren't the same pencils as above, they use a different core that does feel different when compared. These are slightly harder.

• Palomino

• Blue HB pencils [E] - A great all-rounder.

• Tombow

• 2558 [E] - Competes directly with the Mitsu-Bishi 9800. Better eraser if that matters to you.

Expensive

$20+

• Mitsu-bishi

• Hi-Uni - A truly incredible pencil. The lead is widely considered the smoothest of any pencil out there with it's only rival the Tombow Mono 100 just a touch down.

• Tombow

• Mono 100 - Cheaper than the Hi-Uni but just as good. A hair less smooth.

• Palomino

• Blackwing 602 [R] - Based on the legendary original vintage Eberhard Faber Pencil. Designed to maximize point retention whilst sacrificing as little smoothness and darkness as possible
• Blackwing Natural [R] - Just as dark as the 602 But with an Extra Firm core.

Wooden Art Pencils

Cheap

• General Pencil Kimberly Graphite Drawing Kit

Expensive

• Mitsubishi Hi-Uni art set - One of each Hi-Uni pencils from 10B to 10H in a nice looking tin.
• Caran d'Ache Grafwood set

Mechanical Pencils

The world of mechanical pencils is still surprisingly innovative, with a huge range of options to suite anybody in the market. Options vary from drafting mechanical pencils to ones for general writing as well as niche choices that will suite any occasion.

Drafting pencils

Typically these have a metal outer body with knurling on the section for grip. The inner mechanism is commonly plastic however and is often a weak point, many drafting mechnical pencils malfunction or break due to a failure in the plastic components that make up much of the inner body.

Budget

$0~5

• Pentel

• P205/P207/P209 - Famed for being a reliable and study pencil. Excellent value option if you just want a mechanical pencil with no frills. The last digit on the model number indicates lead size, a P205 accepts 0.5mm lead etc.

• Zebra

• M-301 - One of the few Zebra products that is still made in Japan, very good quality pencil that's slightly cheaper than a P20X but easier to find in store.

Low priced

$5~20

• Rotring

• 500 - Pretty much a Rotring 600 with a plastic body (grip and clip sections are identical to those of its more expensive counterpart). Some prefer it to 600 because of more tip-heavy balance and lighter weight.

• Pentel

• GraphGear 500 - Knurled Metal grip alternative to the below.
• GraphGear 1000 - A hybrid rubber metal grip that some find strange feeling. Otherwise it's an excellent pen with both a spring loaded clip and retracting lead sleeve.

Mid priced

$20~50

• Rotring

• Rapid Pro - Often compared with the Rotring 600 (and always loses). It's only advantage is its wider grip section which adds more to grip and comfort if you've found the 600 to be too small. Otherwise an inferior option.
• 600 - All metal construction unlike the above Rotring Rapid Pro. Great classic that's hard to fault.

High priced

$50+

• Rotring

• 800 - A Rotring 600 but with a retracting lead sleeve. A common complaint is that the sleeve wobbles causing lead breakage issues.

Writing mechanical pencils

There are self rotating mechanical pencils, AKA auto lead rotating mechanical pencils, that rotates the lead in such a way that the point is always sharp.

• Uni

• Kuru Toga - Not a meme, it actually works. The Auto rotating function works best if you write in print or italics obviously but it should works decently enough that it can be recommended for semi-cursive writing.
• Alpha Gel - These pens have a very nice grippy, soft (but not particularly squishy) section that makes a comfortable hold. They have a larger grip diameter than normal pencils and has a bit of a step into the barrel.

• Pentel

• Orenz Nero - Despite the appearance it isn't a drafting pencil, since it's made out of plastic (which the manufacturer claims to be similar to metal in touch). Its unique feature is the Orenz mechanism which is such that the lead is hidden entirely within a sleeve which retracts slightly as you touch the paper with the tip, revealing only a small portion of the lead, when lifting the tip off the paper the sleeve grabs the lead as it goes back to its original position and automatically extends it a slight amount. This is Pentel's approach to tackling the problem of lead breakage. It should be mentioned some claim the sleeve scratches against the paper.

• Lamy

• 2000 Mechanical pencil - A favorite for many due to it's clean cut appearance and reliability.

Leads for drafting or writing

• Pilot Neox
• Pentel Ain Stein - Buy this if your in doubt or you don't care much about lead. It is the most consistently positive lead still in production and virtually unanimously highly regarded in all lead testing factors (Erasability, darkness, smear resistance etc.) commercially available almost anywhere.

Lead holder

• Staedtler

• Mars Techo 780c - integrated sharpener in the pen cap with lead hardness indicator. Short grip section but a fantastic full featured choice. Drop clutch.
• 925 Lead Holder - Knock lead advancement instead of drop clutch. No sharpener in the cap but has a lead hardness indicator and all metal.

• Uni

• Mitsubishi Lead Holder (MH-500) - Drop clutch.
• Field Lead Holder - Auto advance mechanism but otherwise shares the same plastic body and clip as the above with smoother knurling. Color coded lead hardness indicator.

Leads for leadholder

• Staedtler Mars Carbon 200 - The same core of the Lumograph wooden pencil series (source: https://www.staedtler.jp/products/pencil/r03.html). Excellent for writing and drawing, while featuring some nice feedback (some may call it scratchy). Available in from 4H to 4B. Also available in red and blue.

• Mitsubishi uni - Couldn't find confirmation but it seems like the same core of the regular Mitsubishi Uni pencil. Feels smoother and run a darker when compared to a Staedtler of the same lead hardness. Available from 4H to 4B. Also available in red.

2mm lead sharpeners

• Uni-ball 2 mm Pencil Lead Sharpener

Vintage cast iron sharpeners might seem like a good choice until you realize that it's just sandpaper in a box.

Fountain Pens

Considerations & General Advice

Disassembly of a Rotring 600 Fountain pen

Prior to purchasing your first fountain pen, you should try to ask yourself the following questions:

• How large or small of a pen would be comfortable for my hand, Material?
• what sort of writing characteristics am i looking for?
• User experience beyond overall writing

The first point sound obvious but can be tricky to get correct without physically being in a store. A larger pen will typically be easier to grip and relax wrist issues much more than a thin stenographers pen. Weight isn't generally an issue unless it's oversized or if the construction is all metal.

• Plastic quality increases with price.
• Pens with metal grips may cause grip slipping if it doesn't have knurling or flared stoppers.
• Pens made from ebonite or HBR has an odor that some find unpleasant.

Second point involves the writing itself. The nib takes center stage here together with the feed. A steel nib will always be as hard as a nail (unless otherwise stated) when in contact with the paper while gold nibs will have a slight softness that cushions your writing. Contrary to what is commonly told, a gold nib will not be smoother nor have magical penmanship increasing powers as the tipping material that actually contacts the paper, iridium, is the same as on steel nibs.

The feed regulates in ink flow coming out of the nib, the two polar ends being called "wet" (higher ink flow) and "dry" (low ink flow).

• A wet pen will typically feel smoother, and showcase inks better, although a direct consequence is that more ink is placed onto the paper. More ink = higher drying time / pools on paper
• A dry pen will typically have a pencil-like feedback when writing and channel less ink which may result issues with ink skipping.

Inks also come in "wet" and "dry" which can have a further multiplying effect.

Experience beyond writing involves how easy the pen maintenance/filling is and can extend to warranty as well has customer service of the company. As general maintenance practice, pens should be flushed with water every six month to clean out the feed though this frequency will change depending on situation. If you're changing inks or use certain inks such as permanent inks, they will need to be flushed with water sooner.

For the filling system considerations include:

• how well does it flush?
• how much ink it fills?
• how easy it is to fill?

Company warranty and overall customer service can be summed up as follows:

• Italian bad
• American generally good
• Japan is above average to very good
• Europe is hit or miss

Companies may not provide services for purchases made from non authorized retailers.

Recommendations

These pens are a good starting point. Japanese pens will be cheaper if you import directly from japan and if you're on a budget remember to factor in ink costs.

[S] - Cartridge and/or converter (Standard International), [P] - Cartridge and/or Converter (Proprietary), [L] - Self-Filling (Any built-in filling system aside from the two mentioned), [-e] - Eye Dropper convertible

Bargain

Pens starting from $0 to roughly around $15, You get what you pay for in this category, plastic will feel a tad flimsy.

• JinHao

• 777 [S] - A Lamy safari clone
• 992 [S] - Pilot Prera clone
• 100 "Centennial" [S] - Parker Duofold clone

• Wing Sung

• 3008 [L] - A piston filler similar to the TWSBI eco, but available for about $3.50. Compatible with lamy Z nibs. Anecdotally less likely to crack than a TWSBI, but even if it does, it's $3.50. There is a second version with larger pilot style nibs. Avoid these.
• 3013 [L] - Direct TWSBI Vac700R clone. Does not post, but fully functional. EF nibs are smooth writers.
• 6359 [P] - A $5 Lamy Al-Star clone that does not work with any cartridges, only the supplied converter.

• Platinum

• Preppy/Meteor [P-e] - First choice for many when it comes to a cheap non-chink pen. Meteor is the Chinese market variation in a better plastic body.
• Plaisir [P] - A Preppy but with a metal body.
• Prefounte [P] - A slightly nicer preppy. Can be considered a cheaper alternative to the Plaisir or an upgrade to the Preppy.

• Pilot

• Varsity - A disposable fountain pen and the cheapest in this category. Surprisingly useful in certain situation but for most people the accumulating costs don't make it a worthwhile long term writing instrument.
• Kakuno [P] - Arguably has a better price to quality compared to the Preppy as a first pen. Be forewarned that if you plan on using a converter, you will have to deal with Pilots infamously horrific CON-40 converter.
• Penmanship/Plumix/Pluminix [P/P/S] - A Kakuno with differing section and body type.

Entry

Very good value for money with pens starting from $15 to roughly $75

• Wing Sung

• 698 [L] - Like the 3008, but slightly better made. Accepts standard #5 aftermarket nibs.
• 699 [L] - Pilot 823 clone, postable. Consider this for 1/3 the price of a TWSBI VAC700R.

• Lamy

• Safari/Vista/Al-Star [P] - Pretty much the same pen but with different finishes (plastic, transparent and metal respectively). Triangular grip does not suit everyone.

• Twsbi - TWSBI pens are known to crack after several years of usage or as little as several months. There are high levels of stress in the injection moulded parts, especially the grip section of the Eco, the cap of the Vac700R, the threads of the Vac mini, and the entire Diamond 580¹. Disassembly and normal use increase the risk of parts failure. To ensure a TWSBI lasts, keep these pens at home.

• Eco [L] - Piston filling demonstrator. In fact it's the only piston filling option at it's price point. These pens are known to have crack or snapping issues after a few years of usage
• Diamond 580 [L] - a better and bigger Eco with slight design changes.
• Vac700R [L] - Unique filler at it's price point. A large pen with some comfort complaints from people. Unlike most TWSBI pens, which use #5 nibs, these use #6 size nibs.
• Vac Mini [L] - Slightly smaller and more comfortable than the Vac700R with similar capacity.

• Pilot The Pilot Con-40 converter is horrifically bad.

• Metropolitan [P] - Neat and classic looking pen. Timeless cigar shaped design, good nib and price makes this a solid safety choice. Considered sterile by some but don't let that turn you off from this dependable writer.
• Prera [P] - Considered to be better balanced than the Metropolitan, More comfortable for people with smaller hands but requires posting for larger hands. Added benefit of not looking like a child's toy like the Kakuno.

• Moonman

• A1 [P] - Pilot Vanishing Point clone
• M2 - A clear acrylic eyedropper fountain pen. Very well regarded nib.

• Kaweco

• Classic Sport [P-e] - A pocket sized pen, pretty much requires posting to be usable. The biggest pro is that it'll fit anywhere including shallow shirt pockets or small space.
• AL Sport [P] - Scraping in right at the top, the Kaweco AL is a premium beginners pen. Well-built, Well-balanced, and portable, what more could you want. German quality and precision.

Two vintage gold plated Eversharp pens

Mid tier

There is a huge step up here in terms of pen body material quality and overall feeling in your hand. one thing here is that outside of the Japanese brands you should seriously consider purchases from trusted retailers whom you can request a check on your pen for defective nibs. $75 to $300

• Lamy

• 2000 [L] - "a good pen but it’s not a great pen. Useful but not special. A good buy for the price and if you were only ever going to own a single fountain pen, it would probably be your best pick."
• Dialog 3 [P] - Considered by most to be of poor value but listed because it's the sole retracting competitor to the pilot vanishing point (that isn't the A1).

• Pilot

• Vanishing Point [P] - Competes with the Lamy 2000 as the most popular pen to get as a first pen in this price range. It's biggest selling point is the retracting function. Very audible and distinct "click" sound in use.
• Pilot custom 74/92 [P/L] - Transparent/semi-transparent pens, the 74 is the smaller size and uses Pilots Con-70 converter. 92 is a piston filler and is the more popular of the two, particularly well regarded.

• Sailor

• Pro Gear [P] - Popular for the huge array of colors they produce as well as the LE's. Many weeb tie-in products if your into that kind of thing.
• 1911 [P] - Same as the Pro Gear but with a different style and aesthetics

High

Although there are material and quality improvements to be had here, most if not all brands claim craftsmanship as a primary factor here. For a prospective buyer however you should rely more on the pens appearance and style. $300 ~ $1000

• Montblanc - Their "Precious Resin" gets quite a bit of flack but if you've ever handled a Montblanc for an extended period you'd know it not just some ordinary material

• 149 [L] - Skims the top of the price range if you plan on buying new . Extraordinary price cuts on the used pen market, just don't buy a fake.

• Nakaya - Japanese Urushi pens that are custom made by artisans. These pens are hand made to order so about a 6 month wait after placing the order is needed.

• Regular Edition - [P] - A category of Nakaya products. These are the standard pens and most can be had under $1000. Plain Urushi coated but nevertheless a quite masterful product.

• Visconti - It is absolutely essential that you ask the retailer to check the nib prior to shipping as Visconti is particularly well known for their nib issues.

• Homo Sapiens [L] - Visconti's design here is the sole claim to fame, uses lava rock as part of the pen material. As a result it has a porous and rough texture that matches the temperature of your hand.

• Sailor

• King of Pens [P] - Basically an oversized 1911. Very similar to a Montblanc 149 appearance wise, just a tad larger.

A significantly more advanced disassembly of a plunger/vacfil system. The rubber seals create an air free chamber which is fill with ink when released

• Pelikan

• M600/M800/M1000 [L] - Larger versions of the M400. M600 is considered to be the sweet spot for size.

Richfag

Pens at this price point are almost always limited/exclusive edition, possess some form of artistic merit, use expensive materials or all of those combined. $1000+

• Graf von Faber-Castell

• Pen of the Year [L] - Limited edition pens that as the name suggests come out yearly, each one with a different design that celebrates a particular theme. GvFC keeps a certain design philosophy so the pens may appears similar at first glance. List of PoTY pens by year

• Nakaya

• Special Edition [P] - Urushi pens that feature artworks, inlays and/or relief patterns made using special Nippon-jin lacquer techniques

• Montblanc

• Writers Edition [L] - Another limited edition pen that's released annually. Pen design is inspired by a famed writer. Unlike the GvFC PoTY, these pens vary immensely in design year to year so you either like one years or you don't. List of Writers Edition pens
• Patron Of Art [L] - Same as above but paying homage to figures in history. List of PoA pens

Modern Flex Nibs

Very briefly flex nibs are pens with nibs that can splay outwards when pressure is applied allowing for line variation similar to dip nibs. In the old days these types of nibs used to be somewhat common but today they are somewhat of a niche within the fountain pen community, appealing more to the arts side. Modern "flex" pens in addition to conventional steel/gold nibs also generally include dip nib conversions. What this means is that a dip nib is fitted into a fountain pen in place of a conventional nib. This comes with rather significant Pros and Cons. On one end you gain the superior flex and line crispness that only a dip pen can give, on the other your nib now wears, rusts and will need to be swapped reletively frequently. It's also considered finicky for the user as DIY is involved.

• Noodler's - These pens require a decent amount of tinkering to use.

• Konrad [L] - Piston filler but the piston has a thin plastic housing which can become cracked.
• Ahab [L-e] - A push-type filler. Much bigger pen than the Konrad, removing the filler allows it to be used as an eyedropper.

• Fountain Pen Revolution - Only the nibs are listed here as they're then main attraction, FPR does sell bodies (with nibs pre-fitted) but it's nothing really compared to the nibs. The assumption here is that the nibs are fitted into another pen that accepts standard size nibs.

• FPR #6 Chrome Ultra Flex Nib - Standard size 6 nib and the most well known FPR flex nib. This is what pretty much 90% of people buy and talk about when they mention FPR flex nibs. Only downside is that pens that accept a size 6 nib are almost always large oversized pens, the choice of pen is quite limited on the lower end of the price range.
• FPR #5.5 Flex Nib - A much more limited and constrained flex nib compared to the above FPR ultra Flex but it does fit into more pen options which is a plus.

• Pilot

• Falcon [P] - A rather famous pen in of it's self, It is also arguably the best known pen to take on John Mottishaw's Spencerian mod and both will be talked about briefly. Comes in either a resin or metal body.

• In it's unaltered state the pen is a well regarded writer and artists tool. Do keep in mind that the original intentions of the pen is to give slight softness and line variation when writing Japanese Kanji, it is semi-flex at best and therefor the pen isn't actually well suited to making very bold shades that is often seem in western writing. You WILL destroy this pen if you push too far (hard to do accidentally since this nib requires quite a heavy force).
• Nibs.com Spencerian customization is an aftermarket mod of sorts. Very carefully read through the page but a short summary is that this mod grinds away at the nib to make it more flexible and works the tip into a NP (some other minor adjustments are also made to the flow). Several Pilot pens are listed on the page but the Falcon is the one that most people commit too. The difference in softness and flex is very noticeable but this does make it it easier to ruin the nib with carelessness. You may want to consider requesting the tip to be reworked into a F or EF point instead of an NP for usability purposes since the NP is quite sharp. That will reduce the contrast between the thick and thin lines but make it a bit more suitable for causal writing use. An additional point of interest outside of the nib is that John Mottishaw no longer does customization work himself, his two apprentices have taken over.

• Ackerman Pens - If you're too lazy to do research into what pens accept dip nibs then here's your answer. They make pen bodies with dip nibs pre-fitted. No guarantee that you won't have to do DIY work but it at least takes some guess work out. the pre-fit several different dip nibs, grab the G-pen model if you are new.

• BlueDew Pens - Their nib is a sort of middle-ground between a conventional fountain pen nib and a dip nib.

Vintage Pens

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Unlike the previous section where certain pens were recommended at various price points, this section on vintage pens will focus on mostly advice and general information that can be used before deciding on a pen purchase but that is not to say that specific pens will not be named here as examples. We will also assume for simplicity that pens are restored to writing condition.

The following will primarily cater to pen users although pen collector aspects will also be included when necessary as it is useful in quite a few cases (especially when if you decide to resell). The advice provided is sorted by material which may seem strange. As fountain pen technology advanced, so did the material, construction and style change to suit the differing needs of the era. Each differing period had a defining characteristic that you may find appealing. The big pen makers during these times were Waterman, Parker, Sheaffers, and Conklins (later replaced by Wahl-Eversharp).

Purchases can be made through online actions (Ebay, Yahoo Auctions, etc.) or if you're risk adverse then seeking out a reputable dealer will be wise. One thing to note about dealers is they will charge a higher price for providing warranty and after purchase services. Any dealer of relative repute will do for a user but it should be noted that not all dealers restore pens to a degree satisfactory for a collector (or a very picky user).

BHR/CBHR pens

Black hard rubber/Chased black hard rubber pens. Made from vulcanized rubber, these pens dominated the market prior to the invention of more colorful materials. The age of these are typically prior to 1920's although a small amount was made after this time. Their appearance and design is quite universal given that they were all black, so once you've seen one or two of these you've virtually seen them all. The most common difference might the the occasional gold band here and there and maybe a tapering end every now and then. Pens with full and half overlays are more unique, particularly with hand engraved patterns and repousse work but they start at a price to match.

As such pen users typically tend to gravitate away from these pens and prefer the more illustrious designs of the later pens, making these pens lean towards the cheaper side. Arguably the most popular pen here is the Watermans 52 and its derivatives (but it's price has since been pushed rather high). Conklins and Mabie Todd are also solid pen makers to look out for. Parker pens here are relatively more expensive.

When using these pens out in the wild, keep in mind that BHR is more fragile compared to the other materials listed. Its quite common to find cracks in the cap lip which will run up the cap if not stopped by a cap band. You might also find discolored pens during your search where the black has degraded into a brown color. This is due to exposure to sunlight and moisture, aside from appearances it's not a big issue and is restorable.

Colored hard rubber

From top to bottom: RMHR, Wood grain, RRHR

Manufacturers of the time attempted various ways to appeal to the public, aside from chasing and adding various metals to the standard BHR pens another method was to add color but with the downside being that hard rubber in colors other than black were less durable. Not a whole lot of color choices exist however as you'll soon find out that only red and black color combinations were produced in any real amount. At it's most basic is the red hard rubber pens (RHR) which as the name implies was solid red throughout. Sometimes you may come across pens that used different shades of red to separate the components but that's somewhat uncommon. The first patterns emerged with the red mottled hard rubber (RMHR) pens. These were produced with a mixture of red and black hard rubber which when drawn produces a relatively random splotchy pattern. Eventually makers soon came upon a mixing method that produced a pattern similar to wood grain. The next innovation came with Watermans red ripple (RRHR) pens which were then expanded into the colored ripples. Due to the rise to colorful celluloid however they never caught on with the public are are thus rare today.

The Waterman red ripples are very popular with both collectors and users alike and so finding one at a good price can be difficult. If you're on any sort of budget then forget the colored ripples as those command high prices. Similar with BHR pens, The colored hard rubber pens can also experience discoloring which can be resolved by any decent restorer.

Early plastics

The early plastic favored by pen makers of the time was celluloid and will be the focus of this section. Although other plastics were used to make pens such as casein, they were rather unstable even at the time (and will be thus highly unrecommended for purchase here). There is a great assortment of pens here for almost anyone. Pen colors and patterns can range from conservative jet black with gold trims to clown pens that kaleidoscopically mash every color of the rainbow together. Much individual research is needed (and recommended) as the pens produced during this period have as many up as there are downs. You may like the pattern a pen has but the filling system used may be not to your taste or simply not as reliable. The color may be unstable, certain colors are known to be an issue such as Eversharps Cathay color so you might decide to buy another color from the Doric range.

As an example to highlight the importance of doing your own research some people say that lighter colors are more prone to degrading but all the second generation Doric colors are quite stable, some people say that the later celluloid's were more stable then the earlier celluloid's but certain colors of the Omas Paragons (the Blue especially) made in the 90's were prone to degrading.

Later plastics

A disassembled Parker 51

Pens manufactured through the use of early modern plastics. The material here is leaps and miles more stable the the material used in the past even if the colors produced was less exciting than the celluloid pens. Some very iconic and popular vintage pens recommended around the web belong here such as the Eversharp skyline, Parker 51 and Sheaffer Snorkels. Most of the pens in this range are quite cheap and plentiful making them a common starting point for beginners in vintage pens.

Vintage Flexible nibs

Every once in a while when doing your rounds you'll come across the terms "flex" or "flex nib". Very briefly flex nibs are pens with nibs that can splay outwards (flex) allowing for line variation similar to dip nibs. This is a rather advanced topic and flex nibs should quite honestly be avoided due to their potential to result in a disaster. Handling flexible nibs is not as simple as people make it out to be and even the best flexible gold nibs don't match up to dip nibs so it maybe well worth your time to try those first before committing to a gold nib purchase.

Obtaining one isn't particularly difficult depending on several factors. Flex nibs are graded by flexibility and responsiveness with price reflecting those qualities. Most retailers will have writing examples for your review but if your more adventurous you might choose to gamble on an auction. In some cases it may be obvious that the nib is flexible because it is stamped so on the nib (Eversharp "Flexible", Waterman "Brown" or "Red") but other times it's just a shot in the dark. Some knowledge can take away a few unknowns from you decision. Look out for thin and/or long tines, Earlier pens such as Mabie Todd Swan with the over-under feed pens have a good chance of being flexible. On the other side Parker vacumatics almost always have stiff nibs (as do most of Parkers late plastic pens).

Stylographic pens

A forgotten casualty among pens. Stylos are chiefly remembered nowadays as technical pens but the underappreciated writing stylo does have one major difference compared to its drafting counterpart. The tip of a writing stylo is rounded for smoother writing whereas a technical pen like the Rapidograph has a sharp squared tip to facilitate consistent and crisp line width. Other practical benefits compared to fountain pens is that a stylo tip is significantly stiffer than a fountain pen nib and will be able to take much more force from a heavy handed writer. Additionally stylos can be held closer to the tip to suit more pen gripping styles and are fully compatible with fountain pen ink.

Early stylos expose their delicate tips during refilling and care should be taken for these. Later stylos avoid this issue by containing the spring into its own compartment separate from the section. In addition to that later stylos also come with the convinces and upgrades that came with fountain pens such as self filling mechanisms. Dominantly speaking however you'll be looking at eyedropper stylos made from BHR. Stylos were eventually made from plastics but those are rare as by that point they were already a considered a depreciated writing technology so not many were made.

Fountain pen ink

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When purchasing ink, prices are highly subject to location. For example whilst Noodler's ink may be a very cost effective ink when purchased in the US, Diamine is significantly cheap enough in the UK to make Noodlers redundant for general use. This is because Diamine is manufactured in the UK, similarly in France you would consider J.Herbin as your best option price wise. Virtually all Japanese products are cheaper in Japan and inks are no exception.

Try to store your inks in a cool and dark environment, this is to prevent fungus and bacterial growth. Although inks have preventive measures such as a base pH (with Japanese inks) or fungicide (with most western brands) it is possible for them to exhibit fungal growth under the correct conditions, albeit very rare.

• Pilot

• Pilot/Namiki fountain pen ink is the standard line of ink pilot produces. Comes in blue, blue-black, black. 70ml in the standard jar but you can buy a 350ml bottle for drinking.

• Pilot Iroshizuku is the premium line of inks. They were among the highest priced inks when first released but these days they're the cheapest Japanese inks. Large variety of colors and shades to chose from. 50ml standard size jar with sample sized 15ml bottles.

WARNING: Document black and Drafting black are for dip nib only and should not be used in a fountain pen.

• Sailor

• Sailor Ink Basic line with no frills. In blue, Blue-black, and black 50ml, same with the Pigmented inks (permanent).

• Shikiori and Manyo are the sailor equivalent to the Pilot Iroshizuku. Shikiori come in 20ml only and Manyo in 50ml only.

In addition to the two lines, Sailor produces a large amount of other inks and inks not under Sailors name (Bungbox for example is made by Sailor). Any old reference to sailor Jentle inks should be ignored, it's a discontinued line with some of the colors absorbed by the Shikiori.

• Diamine

A reasonably priced and high quality brand. Their regular line of inks has over 100 different colors which should be more than enough for most people. However certain colors need additional care as they cause staining on plastics and do not pair well with certain pens.

• Regular line of inks come in 80ml bottles. These are their standard inks as the name would suggest.
• 150th Anniversary line comes in 40ml bottles. Half the size of the Regular line bottles for the same price. Not that special and really only worth getting for a specific color that you really want.
• Shimmering line comes in 50ml bottles. Shimmering inks are inks that have a sparkle additive. They require special attention since the inks are rather fussy such as shaking the bottle prior to filling and not letting it sit too long in the pen otherwise the additives will settle.
• Inkvent line comes in 50ml bottles. A rather interesting line that changes per year. The idea is that it's a different ink color for every month.

There are also 30ml tester bottles for purchase.

• J.Herbin

Oldest ink manufacturer. Based in France and most well known for their shimmering line of inks.

• Regular/La Perle des Encres/The Jewel of Inks - Three names are interchangeable, the third being a translation of the french (second) name. Well behaved and pH neutral with a great range of colors. Comes in 30ml,10ml and 100ml bottles
• Anniversary which includes the 1798 collection and 1670 collection - Shimmering inks. Comes in rather nice 50ml bottles with wax seal and wax dipped cap.
• Scented - Self-explanatory and serves a very specific purpose mostly for letter writing. The scent will fade after several days of being written. 30ml bottles only
• Calligraphy and Dip Pen - Don't buy these, obviously for calligraphic usage only. Listed for reference only

• Noodler's inks

Made by Nathan Tardif as a solo operation, these inks are most well know for their variety of properties compared to other inks as well as cost to performance. Extraordinarily large catalog of inks so it can be difficult to know what's what. In addition Noodlers inks can be a bit fussy with paper, their Bulletproof line for example doesn't pair well with Rhodia paper. ALL inks come in 3oz bottles but a few select inks come in larger sizes.

• Standard - These are their normal inks. Normal meaning they don't have special properties that most people know Noodler's for. Some very nice colors for a standard line compared to most manufacturers with the most well know ink being Apache Sunset
• Bulletproof - Noodler's signature line of inks. They use colored dyes that chemically burns itself to the paper fibers making the result archival and Fade/UV/Humidity/Solvent resistant
• Warden - Same as the above but also laser proof. Nathan Tardif offered a $1000 reward for anyone who could remove his Bulletproof inks from paper without damage and at MIT they were able to remove the ink by carefully blasting it away with a laser. This line of inks were created in response to this potential forgery method.
• Partially Bulletproof - These inks will protect the contents of your writing and remain legible but the colors will fade or change.
• Eel - These have a lubrication additive to supposedly assist with maintaining moving parts that can't be disassembled (Piston fillers for example). Not a regular use ink, also incredibly wet
• Fast-Drying - Penetrates paper faster resulting in an ink that drys faster at the cost of feathering and bleed.
• Highlighter - highlighter ink
• Invisible - Transparent inks that glow under UV light. You can mix them with other inks to make them glow too.
• Polar - Why you'd need an ink to be usable at -20°F is beyond me but here it is. It should be noted that these inks feather very badly.
• Russian & UK Series - Inks originally intended for the Russian and UK markets. The unusual dyes can cause performance issues if the ink isn't lightly shaken prior to use.
• Vintage-Style - Includes the infamous Baystate line, these are a range of inks that are reverse-engineered or inspired by vintage inks.
• X-Feather - Anti-Feather range. Not really, there's better options if you want to prevent feathering and using this line of inks should only be a last resort.
• Waterase - More of a sign-writing ink than a fountain pen ink. These can be used to write on whiteboards, glass etc. then wiped away with a damp cloth. Bulletproof when written on paper.

• Waterman

Most famed for it's Watermans Serenity Blue which together with Lamy blue hold the title of most well behaved, safest and low maintenance ink to use. Works in virtually any scenario. Come in 50ml and available at most retailers. Waterman also has a FAQ.

• Lamy

No special inks, just regular plain and boring blue, black and blue-black. Lamy blue is in particular the dry version of Watermans serenity blue. An interesting note is that all Lamy pens are tested at the factory with Lamy blue which is why it is possible for a brand new Lamy pen to contain traces of blue ink.

• Other

Ink or ink related items that don't belong elsewhere

• Vanness White Lightning Ink Additive - Increases the flow of dry inks. Quite a miracle worker for certain inks that just can't seem to flow well or are a tad too dry.

Miscellaneous goods

Pair your nice pens to some nice things. Some of the following is pretty important depending on what you've got. For example you'd really want some nice paper if you got yourself a wet and sloppy medium nib fountain pen (and fountain pens in general really).

Paper

People will tend to associate gsm with paper quality and that's not wrong but it gives the impression that low gsm is bad which isn't always the case. All the paper listed here can take ink with neither bleedthough nor feathering even under thick shades but do note that paper soaks up moisture and that will cause feathering. Although this can happen under high humidity it's more commonly caused by sweaty hands.

• Rhodia - Very popular option. Quality has gone down for a while but it's still a solid paper. Has a wax based coating that makes it ultra smooth and able to take bucket loads on ink. Downsides are that ink takes a long time to dry as it doesn't absorb into the paper, rather it just pools and drys eventually. It's heavy reliance on the coating to provide it's properties poses some problems when it comes to certain applications but you shouldn't encounter them for just general writing.

• Clairefontaine - Rhodia's parent company but the two brands are distinctively different, most importantly the paper coating is slightly different. Has more options when it comes to binding styles (notebooks, scrapbooks etc.)

• Maruman mnemosyne - High quality nip paper. Smooth and highly recommended, arguably more so compared to the above two these days. Slightly on the thin side when it comes to paper but should have no problems.

• Strathmore

• 500 series writing - Wove Finished (Very, Very textured). Otherwise a great paper, nicely thick and heavy (compared to the other options here) and fairly absorbent.

• Canson

• Pro Layout - Not a particularly great paper for general use but has specific applications. It is particularly great for handwriting practice. Due to it's translucency you can lay over guidelines and grids. Severe downsides include it's thinness (Very, Very thin) and the fact that it's not double sided, well you can write on both sides it's just not designed to.

• Tomoe River paper - Discontinued by Tomoegawa in 2021 but significant attention to this paper on other sites warrants a mention here. There are 3 versions of this paper.

1. The Tomoegawa made paper pre-2020/2021 is the one that was considered the best. This is also what many past comments talk about when referring to Tomoe River.
2. For a brief period before they were discontinued they moved production over to a different machine which produced a version of TR paper that is almost universally considered worse
3. After the discontinuation announcement Sanzen bought and made their own version of TR paper which is slightly different.

Storage

Some nice pen cases, consider them if you have some better quality pens that you don't want to just throw into a bag.

• Pilot Pensemble - Leather pen wrap. Come in two variants, one with an attached pouch and one without. It should be noted that when the pen slots are filled, the version with the pouch will appear quite bloated (this is with nothing in the pouch).
• Pen tray - A static storage solution for your home. Typically just a felt lined box with grooves cut to hold pens but are surprisingly expensive for what they are.

Dip Nibs

A collection of vintage dip nibs

For modern readily purchasable nibs, it is heavily recommend to buy only Japanese nibs especially if you're a beginner for a smooth pain free experience to ease you in. All current non Japanese nib producers, that is manuscript pen company (who owns Gillotts, Leonardt among others), Hunt and Brause all have varying QC issues primarily concerning misalignment tines. Minor Tine misalignment issues are difficult for a beginner to assess and can have a huge impact on the behavior of the nib. The ideal options is to try a nib sampler first which is available from virtually all reputable online nib retailers. The following guide can be used to give a rundown of avaliable nibs and provide some help with what to purchase.

Purchasing/usage guide - For both modern and vintage nibs

If the pastebin above appears too intimidating then the main takeaways are that you should buy Japanese made nibs (typically a G-pen) as a beginner and to select a compatible nib holder (a Tachikawa T40 to match the G-pen for example).

From the manufacturer, dip nibs have a thin coating of oil to prevent rust and to preserve the metal. This must be removed prior to use, of which there are a variety of ways this can be done. To prep the nib one can do any one of the following

• Apply a small amount of toothpaste and brush lightly with a toothbrush. Then wash off the paste.
• Put the dip nib in your mouth for a few seconds. Your saliva will dissolve the oil and then take the nib out of your mouth and use a tissue to wipe it off
• Stick it into a potato. The acidity of the potato juice will dissolve the oil.
• Place it very briefly over an open flame. The heat will evaporate the oil
• Certain iron-gall inks will eat the oil. You need to just have it dunked in for a little longer than usual. Only high acidity iron galls will work, so an ink like McCaffery's will not work but Old World will.

Although the flame method is mentioned for completeness, it is not recommended as it's the only method that can destroy the nib.

The time you change/replace nibs is dependent on several things. Usage and nib sharpness are the most important. Usage is pretty obvious since the more you use it the faster it'll wear. As for sharpness, think of a very sharp pencil. The sharper the nib the faster it wears down. Blunt nibs don't wear fast. No book gives a hard number as to when replacing should be done but the general recommendation is that it should be replace when they start "acting up".

For recommended nib holders, it is best to buy a cork-tipped pen holder. These take standard sized pointed and broad nibs, exceedingly cost effective and can be found as low as $3. These is no discernible difference in quality with these holders when it comes to brand name or price and as such it's a case of buy the cheapest.

It may be worth checking out the Tachikawa T25 or the T40. These are ONLY intended to hold Japanese G-pens and crow nibs and thus can't fit other nibs that don't match their profile.

Oblique Pen Holders are beyond this guide but do know that they exist (and that the Speedball ones are kind of rubbish,you should only consider ones with metal flanges).

Handwriting improvement

If you're interested in improving your writing, you should first decide on if you're willing to learn a formal script (Italics, Palmer etc.) or just improve your current personal style of writing. For formal scripts, the first major choice you have to make is whether you want to learn italic (block) writing or cursive. The two are quite different when it comes to how you write them and books will typically only focus on one. In terms of ease, italics would be the best choice and it's also faster to learn (in this day and age it's probably also more legible) but don't deceive yourself into thinking that you can master italics then jump straight into being good with cursive since that never works. If you want to learn cursive then just learn cursive don't try roundabout ways. Personal styles can be exceedingly difficult to improve. The end goal is open and unclear in terms of letter form. While most people take inspiration from formal scripts to incorporate, the lack of any specific training in said scripts makes the end result look pretty poor.

Calligraphic advice is slightly beyond a tech wiki and so will not be included.

General advice

• Writing slow is not a very good advice despite its prevalence. This is because in a practical setting you'll need to be writing at speed and if you're used to slow writing then it'll completely break down into an illegible mess. And no, writing slowly and eventually getting faster almost never works.
• As a supplement to the above, the proper advice given by people worth their salt is that the writing speed should be fast enough to avoid shaky/cramped lines while being below a speed that is uncontrollable.
• Learn correct posture. This will help other things as well, with better posture your arms free up and you can avoid excessive finger usage when making letter forms amongst others.
• Improvement will only come with time. This advice is especially important when learning the formal scripts since you'll start out with writing that is probably worse than what you already have so it's easy to get discouraged
• READ AND UNDERSTAND THE ACCOMPANYING INSTRUCTIONS. I cannot stress this enough. If you are following a book the written instructions are just as if not more important than the exercises themselves.

Cursive

Formal cursive typically refers to Palmer's method. It builds upon the earlier (monolined) Spencerian method taught as a replacement for roundhand. Monolined Spencerian and Palmer's are pretty equivalent and can be thought of for our purposes as the same thing with slight variations.

Dot point #2 in the general advice is of great importance here as this type of writing is done FAST and without finger movement (this method will be taught in the books that you refer to). one specific advice here to to avoid the old copy book, more exactly you avoid buying the Spencerian copy books are typically get recommended. The reason is because you'll develop bad habits from that book as it's meant to be used by a trained teacher of handwriting who guides the student in the usage of the copy books. More than likely you won't get much from the instructional book and the copy sheets are worthless without it. As a matter of fact virtually no decent calligrapher recommends them and it was universally agreed during the golden age of penmanship that copybook were inferior to photoengraved instructional books when it came to self-instructions.

Practitioners should also realize that variety in the letter forms exist. Chose one you like and stick to it. In addition you will need to come to understand how letters form from parts, small "c" for example contains an "i" which is not obvious.

A sample of formal cursive script - "How did you know"

For recommended books:

• Palmer's Penmanship Budget - Concise book on Palmer's method. It's advised to start here whist referring to the below three books as you progress
• Lessons in Practical Penmanship by H.P Behrensmeyer
• Complete Compendium Of Plain Practical Penmanship by L.M.Kelchner - A seldom recommended book but one worth taking a look at.
• Modern Business Penmanship by E.C.Mills

If you wish to buy a physical book then F.W.Tamblyn's "Home Instructor in Penmanship" is well worth it.

Print/block writing

Improvement of either print or block handwriting can generally be had through the study of italics writing. Italics itself is a form of calligraphy but it's study teaches proper form and order which is then converted into a usable script. Alternatively you could study a suitable monolined calligraphic script such as the rapid marking script or perhaps fine lined gothic, both of which are written rather fast after a bit of practice and would count as print in the sense that the letters are not joined.

Own style

Improvement without a specific goal in mind is always difficult. If you do not wish to find inspiration from formal scripts then the specific advice would be to focus on legibility through practice but the open ended nature makes anything beyond vague advice difficult.

If you're willing to adapt some formal scripts into your writing then the advice would be to avoid shaded writing samples. The reason is firstly you can't shade your writing with a normal pen, the second is that they often have monolined equivalents and you'd thus be looking in the wrong direction. For example you may like the look of the standard copperplate "A" and start searching for copperplate writing samples without realizing that it's just a Palmer methods "A" alternative style. Another advice would be to look through old engrossing and broad edged textbooks. They commonly have full text samples towards the back.

External Links

• Richard Binders Main Web page - HTTP only website. Contains a huge amount of general and pen specific information assuming you can navigate though this site.
• Vintage Pens & Pencils FAQ - First stop for general vintage pen information
• GoPens catalogs - A nice place to check Fountain pen prices dating back to early 2000's. Gary Lehrer who ran the site passed away in 2022 so the site is no longer updated nor accepting orders.
• Goulet pens nib hook - Fountain pen nib size comparison tool
• International Association of Master Penmen and Teachers of Handwriting - The real important part is the resources tab. Large amount of invaluable material if your interested in handwriting improvements
• Italian Fountain Pens Wiki - Mostly in Italian but a select amount of pages are translated and might be of interest
• Stationary wiki - Created in response to Wikipedia deleting certain articles on stationary products which did not pass it's notability test.

References

1.^ "Interesting Blog On Why Some Twsbi's May Crack", FPN thread about using polarizing filters to view stresses in plastic pens. Post #5 demonstrates the stress lines in a TWSBI 580 and compares it to a Pelikan M200.